Forcing Democracy essays

Driving Democracy expositions At the point when a nation is controlled by the individuals it is supposed to be a vote based system. Inside a majority rules system, the individuals choose authorities, and consequently these authorities will speak to them on significant issues. Notwithstanding their race, sexual orientation or religion, this arrangement of government permits each individual voice to be heard. The United States emphatically bolsters vote based system around the globe for some reasons, yet is it their commitment to ingrain such an administration in each nation? Helping nations who are battling to turn into a majority rules system is fine; to drive the individuals who restrict it, by methods for war, is simply unacceptable. Other than safeguard, the United States ought not do battle. To the extent doing battle for philanthropic designs, is only a sorry reason. When did our country become a sitter for different nations? Such a vocation ought to be left for the United Nations to deal with. That being said, each conceivable measure ought to be taken to keep harmony before depending on war to illuminate circumstances. History has demonstrated choices to war, for example, bargains, oral understandings, and tranquil political activities. In the event that our nation is in the verge of an assault, at that point by all methods we ought to fight back, however in the event that there is an approach to illuminate circumstances in a serene issue, at that point that ought to be our need. War for some other explanation is a government officials indication of shortcoming and ineptitude. Doing battle to uphold popular government in different nations does not merit the slaughter of our American soldiers. All things considered, Operation Iraq has totaled a greater number of fatalities of our troopers than some other war after Vietnam. This is a prime case of an inane war that has prompted a high number of pointless passings. Loss of our troopers lives for such explanation would put the United States in danger on the grounds that nobody needs incredible an act of futility. Along these lines, troops will quit reenlisting and residents would stop joining the powers. This could in the long run lead to a military draft on account of the deficiency in ... <!

Phases Of System Development Life Cycle Information Technology Essay

Periods Of System Development Life Cycle Information Technology Essay Framework improvement life cycle implies mix of different exercises. As it were we can say that different exercises set up are alluded as framework advancement life cycle. In the System Analysis and Design phrasing, the framework advancement life cycle implies programming improvement life cycle. Following are the various periods of programming improvement cycle: Framework study Plausibility study Framework examination Framework plan Coding Testing Execution Upkeep  The various periods of programming advancement life cycle is appeared in Fig.29.1 Various periods of Software improvement Life Cycle Periods OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE Let us currently portray the various stages and the related exercises of framework advancement life cycle in detail. (a) System Study Framework study is the main phase of framework advancement life cycle. This gives an away from of what really the physical framework is? Practically speaking, the framework study is done in two stages. In the principal stage, the primer study of the framework is done which helps in distinguishing the extent of the framework. The second period of the framework study is increasingly nitty gritty and inside and out examination in which the recognizable proof of clients necessity and the impediments and issues of the current framework are considered. Subsequent to finishing the framework study, a framework proposition is set up by the System Analyst (who considers the framework) and put before the client. The proposed framework contains the discoveries of the current framework and proposals to defeat the restrictions and issues of the current framework in the light of the clients necessities. To depict the framework study stage all the more systematically, we would state that framework study stage goes through the accompanying advances: issue distinguishing proof and undertaking inception foundation examination derivation or discoveries (b) Feasibility Study Based on consequence of the underlying examination, possibility study happens. The plausibility study is fundamentally the trial of the proposed framework in the light of its usefulness, meeting clients necessities, powerful utilization of assets and .obviously, the cost viability. The primary objective of plausibility study isn't to take care of the issue yet to accomplish the degree. During the time spent plausibility study, the expense and advantages are evaluated with more noteworthy exactness. (c) System Analysis Accepting that another framework is to be created, the following stage is framework examination. Investigation included a point by point investigation of the present framework, prompting details of another framework. Investigation is a point by point investigation of different activities performed by a framework and their connections inside and outside the framework. During examination, information are gathered on the accessible records, choice focuses and exchanges took care of by the current framework. Meetings, on location perception and poll are the instruments utilized for framework examination. Utilizing the accompanying advances it turns out to be anything but difficult to draw the specific limit of the new framework viable: Keeping in see the issues and new necessities Exercise the upsides and downsides including new zones of the framework All methods, necessities must be examined and reported as point by point information stream outlines (DFDs), information word reference, legitimate information structures and small scale details. Framework Analysis additionally incorporates sub-separating of complex procedure including the whole framework, ID of information store and manual procedures. The primary concerns to be examined in framework examination are: Determination of what the new framework is to achieve dependent on the client necessities. Useful pecking order demonstrating the capacities to be performed by the new framework and their relationship with one another. Capacity arrange which are like capacity progressive system however they feature those capacities which are basic to more than one technique. Rundown of traits of the elements these are the information things which should be held about every element (record) (d) System Design In light of the client necessities and the point by point examination of another framework, the new framework must be planned. This is the period of framework planning. It is a most pivotal stage in the improvement of a framework. Typically, the plan continues in two phases: fundamental or general structure Structure or nitty gritty plan Fundamental or general structure: In the primer or general plan, the highlights of the new framework are indicated. The expenses of actualizing these highlights and the advantages to be determined are assessed. On the off chance that the undertaking is as yet viewed as achievable, we move to the nitty gritty structure stage. Structure or Detailed plan: In the point by point configuration stage, PC situated work starts decisively. At this stage, the plan of the framework turns out to be increasingly organized. Structure configuration is a blue print of a PC framework answer for a given issue having similar segments and between relationship among indistinguishable parts from the first issue. Info, yield and handling particulars are drawn up in detail. In the structure stage, the programming language and the stage in which the new framework will run are likewise chosen. There are a few instruments and methods utilized for planning. These instruments and strategies are: Flowchart Information stream outline (DFDs) Information word reference Organized English Choice table Choice tree (e) Coding In the wake of planning the new framework, the entire framework is required to be changed over into PC getting language. Coding the new framework into PC programming language does this. It is a significant stage where the characterized techniques are changed into control details by the assistance of a coding languages. This is additionally called the programming stage in which the software engineer changes over the program determinations into PC guidelines, which we allude as projects. The projects arrange the information developments and control the whole procedure in a framework. It is by and large felt that the projects must be secluded in nature. This aides in quick turn of events, support and future change, whenever required. (f) Testing Before really executing the new framework into activities, a trial of the framework is finished evacuating all the bugs, assuming any. It is a significant period of a fruitful framework. In the wake of classifying the entire projects of the framework, a test plan ought to be created and run on a given arrangement of test information. The yield of the trial should coordinate the normal outcomes. Utilizing the test information following trial are done: Unit test Framework test Unit test: When the projects have been coded and arranged and brought to working conditions, they should be independently tried with the readied test information. Any unfortunate happening must be noted and fixed (mistake amendments). Framework Test: After doing the unit test for every one of the projects of the framework and when mistakes are evacuated, at that point framework test is finished. At this stage the test is done on genuine information. The total framework is executed on the genuine information. At each phase of the execution, the outcomes or yield of the framework is broke down. During the outcome examination, it might be discovered that the yields are not coordinating the normal out of the framework. In such case, the mistakes in the specific projects are recognized and are fixed and further tried for the normal yield. At the point when it is guaranteed that the framework is running mistake free, the clients are called with their own genuine information so the framework could be indicated running according to their prerequisites. (g) Implementation In the wake of having the client acknowledgment of the new framework created, the execution stage starts. Usage is the phase of a venture during which hypothesis is transformed into training. During this stage, all the projects of the framework are stacked onto the clients PC. In the wake of stacking the framework, preparing of the clients begins. Principle subjects of such sort of preparing are: The most effective method to execute the bundle The most effective method to enter the information The most effective method to process the information (handling subtleties) The most effective method to take out the reports After the clients are prepared about the mechanized framework, manual working needs to move from manual to electronic working. The accompanying two methodologies are followed for running the framework: Equal run: In such run for a specific characterized period, both the frameworks for example modernized and manual are executed in equal. This methodology is useful in view of the accompanying: Manual outcomes can be contrasted and the aftereffects of the automated framework. Disappointment of the modernized framework at the beginning period, doesn't influence the working of the association, on the grounds that the manual framework keeps on working, as it used to do. Pilot run: In this sort of run, the new framework is introduced in parts. Some piece of the new framework is introduced first and executed effectively for extensive timeframe. At the point when the outcomes are discovered acceptable then just different parts are executed. This system constructs the certainty and the mistakes are followed without any problem. (h) Maintenance Upkeep is important to take out mistakes in the framework during its working life and to tune the framework to any varieties in its workplace. It has been seen that there are in every case a few mistakes found in the framework that must be noted and amended. It additionally implies the survey of the framework every now and then. The audit of the framework is accomplished for: knowing the full capacities of the framework knowing the necessary changes or the extra prerequisites examining the exhibition On the off chance that a significant change to a framework is required, another undertaking may must be set up to complete the change. The new venture will at that point continue through all the above life cycle stages. Assignment: 4.2 Life Cycle Models Cascade model Prototyping model Transformative model The winding model Formal turn of events Gradual turn of events Fast application model Angular model Necessities investigation Definition Coordination and Software testing Programming dDesign Execution and unit testing Activity and Maintenance Cascade Model Figure: 7 This takes the basics proces

Institutional Affiliation Guardianship Board

Question: Portray about the Institutional Affiliation for Guardianship Board. Answer: An Enrolled Nurse may help in the foundation of uplifting perspectives towards the old by giving a stage through which all medical attendants can have hypothetical and reasonable constant nursing training on gerontology to create information about maturing, mentalities and aptitudes of care arrangement to the geriatric populace. Consolation and recognition for accomplishments to different medical caretakers expands inspiration and spirit and consequently the uplifting mentality in the consideration is achieved (Eliopoulos, 2015). Guardianship Board is a self-governing legal element that is made out of individuals from the board from clinical, lawful, bookkeeping and network foundations with long haul understanding and mastery in appropriate zones of inability. The essential job of this board is to designate watchmen who can settle on significant choices that influence people who can't settle on their choices concerning their lives and properties (Tasmania, 2014). The job of a backer is to stand and represent an impeded and powerless individual or gathering of people by speaking to them as a type of help and support to guarantee that their privileges are maintained (Tasmania, 2014). The social hypothesis of maturing that can best speak to a people current social circumstance is social clock hypothesis. It hypothesis plots how and why explicit changes happen true to form by the general public as one advances in age. It checks the advancement and achievement of fruitful maturing. Other firmly related speculations are movement hypothesis and separation hypothesis (Eliopoulos, 2015). It is basic to understand the rights and duties of individuals living in private consideration administration since they empower one to give aimless consideration to all customers dependent on their individual needs while maintaining their own respect and rights. Besides, they empower execution of obligations inside the moral and lawful limits and accordingly guaranteeing quality consideration arrangement to customers (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012). Maltreatment among the older can be physical, sexual, money related, mental and social maltreatment. Physical maltreatment is animosity that causes injury or agony by attacking or consuming the old casualty to limit or force them. Its manifestations are physical wounds, for example, wounds, consumes or breaks. Sexual maltreatment is executed through assault, foul attack and inappropriate behavior and it is distinguished apparently by low confidence, tension, dread, misery, gloom and post-injury stress issue (Engdahl, 2011). Obligatory detailing of misuse necessitates that all medicinal services suppliers in private consideration ought to submit to revealing a 'reportable attack' or any extreme type of abuse done to any old getting private matured consideration. They are likewise expected to track all events including charges or doubt of misuse. (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012). The Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) is a device that is utilized to decide the consideration needs of an older occupant and it is the component through which the concerned monetary specialists give and dispense financing to matured consideration suppliers. The instrument is made out of some consideration need addresses that survey the need of care and arrangement of an old customer (Australia, 2007). The Aged Care Act 1997(Act 112 of 1997) is the one that has an essential job that is planned for ensuring the privileges of matured consideration occupants (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012). References Australia. (2007).Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI): User manage. Canberra: Dept. of Health and Aging. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2012).Residential matured consideration in Australia 2010-11: A measurable review. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Eliopoulos, C. (2015).Gerontological nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Engdahl, S. (2011).The older. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Tasmania. (2014).Private gatekeeper's Handbook: Information for watchmen delegated by the Guardianship and Administration Board of Tasmania. Hobart, TAS Guardianship and Administration Board

Foreign direct investment in Brazil, Russia and South Africa - 275 Words

Foreign direct investment in Brazil, Russia and South Africa (Dissertation Sample) Content: FDI AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BRAZIL, RUSSIA AND SOUTH AFRICABy [Name]CourseProfessors NameInstitutionLocation of InstitutionDateAbstractWorldwide foreign direct investment (FDI) influxes have favorably amplified over the last decade as a form of production capital in host countries, prompting more interest in FDI attraction to emerging and less developed economies. The upsurge of FDI by corporations has been associated with the rise in the amalgamation of nationwide economies.The aim of this study is to discover the influence of FDI on economic growth in three BRICS countries namely, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa. The focus will be to illustrate the extent of FDI impact on three macroeconomic variables defined by inflation rate, trade activities (imports and exports), and lastly, gross domestic product (GDP) which are considered the main determinants of economic growth. First, the study explicitly seeks to understand the characterization of FDI and economic growth. S econdly, the paper examines the relationship between FDI and economic growth. Finally, the control of FDI in the Brazilian, Russian and South African economies is gauged by qualitative and quantitative measures.The qualitative measures entailed analyzing the most recent literature on macroeconomic variables linked to economic growth in BRICS countries whose descriptive statistics can be found on reliable sources to represent economic growth in this study. Comparison trend analysis was used as the quantitative method using secondary data obtained from the reliable source, World Bank indicators on the World Bank website. The period under study was from 1992 to 2016.The results showed the marginal influence of FDI influx on GDP of Brazil and Russia with no effect on the GDP of South Africa. For imports and exports, the high influence was confirmed on Brazil and Russia and again no effect on South Africa. FDI influx had no impact on all three country's inflation.IntroductionWorldwide fo reign direct investment (FDI) inflows have favorably amplified over the last decade (Alzaidy, Ahmad, Lacheheb 2017, p.382) as a form of production capital in host countries (Froot 1993, p.1: Nathanael 2015, p.213), prompting more interest in FDI attraction to emerging and less developed economies (Wan 2010, p.52). The upsurge of FDI by corporations has been associated with the rise in the amalgamation of nationwide economies improving transnational trades (Akgun, Hopoglu Kunu 2015, p.173) leading to globalization.In emerging economies, FDI has been considered as one of the key drivers in revolutionizing the prolific organization of economic development (Castro, Fernandes, Campos 2013, p.231). OECD (2002, p.5) summarized the benefits of FDI to include; elicit technology advancement, assist in reducing unemployment, motivate cross-border assimilation, develop competitive business culture and boost innovation.Additionally, FDI may progress ecological and societal corporate policies in the operating country through initiating safer environmental technologies (OECD 2002, p.5) to implement compliance to international environmental standards. To add, international firms value chains are instituted within local operations which encourage production in merchant companies (Pelinescu Radulescu 2009, p.154) to be specific, contracts may be formed between domestic merchants of intermediary materials and the international customers based locally or amongst international merchants of intermediary materials and their local clients within the host country of operations (Alfaro, Chanda, Kalemli-Ozcan, Sayek 2010, p.243).On the other hand, possible downsides of FDI in host countries may include a weakening of the balance of payments as revenue proceeds are repatriated and imports increase through importation of amenities, foreign professionals, and the high tendencies of multinationals to import funds and functioning requirements not accessible in the host region (Ali, Dr. Zia, Razi 2012, p.1). The damaging environmental impact of industrious investments and increased competition in local industry players have been highlighted as effects of FDI inflow (OECD 2002, p.6). Poor governance quality is also observed as a negative impact of FDI on hosting regions (Kuzmina, Volchkova, Zueva 2014, p.2).In the long-term, the role of FDI supplements the formation of better fiscal policies and other developmental policies to attract foreign investment (OECD 2002, p.5) and thus lead to improvement of the whole economy and society (Dr. Sharmiladevi 2017, p.47). Not only is FDI important to host countries, FDI is also important to multinational companies in increasing earnings and expansion (Nistor 2014, p.577-578).With the current setting in developing economies, coupled by the extensive research pointing at both positive and negative effects of FDI in the economy of hosting countries, induces interest to evaluate which effect supersedes the other, thereby stimu lating research curiosity to unearth the relationship between FDI and economic growth in diverse economies (Shehaj Haderi 2015, p.99).The aim of this study is to discover the influence of FDI on economic growth in three BRICS countries namely, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa. The focus will be to illustrate the extent of FDI impact on three macroeconomic variables defined by inflation rate, trade activities (imports and exports), and lastly, gross domestic product (GDP) which are considered the main determinants of economic growth.First, the study explicitly seeks to understand the characterization of FDI and economic growth. Secondly, the paper examines the relationship between FDI and economic growth. Finally, the control of FDI in the Brazilian, Russian and South African economies is gauged by qualitative and quantitative measures.To achieve the stated objectives, the remaining part of the paper is organized as follows. Part two of the paper begins with describing FDI and econo mic growth, followed by highlighting the link between the two economic variables. Historical literature on the relationship between the two variables is showcased and part two concludes with literature associating the two variables in the countries under study.Part three is the methodological section of the study where the processes applied in the analysis are presented. The qualitative measures entailed analyzing the most recent literature on macroeconomic variables linked to economic growth in BRICS countries whose descriptive statistics can be found on reliable sources to represent economic growth in this study, followed by describing the significance of the chosen countries under study. Comparison trend analysis was used as the quantitative method using secondary data obtained from the reliable source, World Bank indicators on the World Bank website. The period under study was from 1992 to 2016.Part four critically explains the findings of the analysis and lastly, the summary of the key points is clarified in the conclusion. The results showed a marginal influence of FDI influx on GDP of Brazil and Russia with no effect on GDP of South Africa. For imports and exports, the high influence was confirmed on Brazil and Russia and again no effect on South Africa. FDI influx had no impact on all three country's inflation.Literature ReviewDefinition of FDIFDI is a consequence of attracting international firms to develop local associates in hosting countries (Pelinescu Radulescu 2009, p.153). External capital flows in operating countries and acquisition of control on the local subsidiaries are the main features to describe an FDI (Mun, Lin, Man 2008, p.11). FDI is further measured as an international investment ascribed by a foreigner owning more than 10% in a local company (Duce Espana 2003, p.3). Gorbunova, Infante, Smirnova (2012, p.129) estimated the factors that determine FDI inflow and concluded that FDI is affected by specific market and institutional el ements..Castro, et.al (2013, p.232) noted that FDI transfer is varied, and may be influenced by the multinational's characteristics, rivalry among local and foreign firms and economic dynamics in host countries and foreign investing economies leading to a lack of accord enlightening why foreign companies are directed towards certain regions.Gonzalez, et al (2018. p.1-2) linked FDI to production efficiency in host countries through various channels. Effective utilization of advanced technology and skills shared by FDI establishments increases efficiency in the production process. FDI also increases struggle in the marketplace and thus cumulative output.According to World Bank data, FDI net inflows drastically rose from 710 billion dollars in 2003 to 3 trillion dollars in 2007 representing approximately four times growth globally.Graph F: World FDI Net Inflows (Current US$)Source: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data filesDefinition of Economic GrowthEcon omic growth is viewed as the efficient utilization of resources to aid in the production of more output using the same inputs through economic effectiveness (Almfrajia Almsafir 2014, p.207). Similarly, Feldman, Hadjimichael, Lanahan (2016, p.6) explained economic growth simply an improvement in the total output of a country and is easily quantifiable. Measurements that are used to display economic growth include GDP, income, and employment among others (Malizia, E. E. N.d, p.31). The graph E below shows the GDP growth (annual %) main descriptor of economic growth.Graph E: World GDP growth (Annual %)Source: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data filesThe link between FDI and Economic GrowthMargeirsson (2015, p.10) highlighted that trade surge triggered by FDI ...

HW 2 Essay - 713 Words

University of XXXBUS 500B Fall 2014 Homework 2.2 Due Date: Sunday 09/28 Instructor: KittiTrade 1. Nation A’s production in 1 day Nation B’s production in 1 day Computers 100 Software 140 Computers 120 Software 150 Two nations can produce computers and software in the amounts given in the table above. Using the same amount of resources to produce two goods. Draw PPF curve and explain the reason of each question. a. Does either nation have an absolute advantage in producing the products? b. Which nation has a comparative advantage in computers? c. Which nation has a comparative advantage in software? 2. Assume some guy named Spano and a woman named Bagley are stranded on an island. Two tasks must be†¦show more content†¦Label these points B. (Look at the case of US and Japan’s export and import). (Each country will export what it specializes and import what it does not specialize) Firms in Competitive markets 4. Brennans Farm produces and sells milk. The market for milk is perfectly competitive. The market price of milk is $2.50 per gallon. The relationship between the farms output and total costs is shown in the table above. a) Draw Brennans average total, marginal revenue and marginal cost curves. (Hints: calculate total revenue (P* times Q) first, and then calculate MR) Use your graphs to find Brennans profit-maximizing output. (Hints: where MC=MR, you can estimate the level of output if not given specific number) If Brennan maximizes his profit, how much profit does he make? (ATC=2.13) d) Should Brennan stay in business? Will other farms with costs the same as Brennans enter the milk market? Explain. Monopoly 5. What are Adeles profit-maximizing output and price? What is Adeles economic profit? Explain your answer. b) Does Adeles Springs use resources efficiently? Explain your answer c) What is the deadweight loss due to profit-maximizing monopoly pricing under the following condition. 6. Trade Restriction a. 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Earnings Management And Asset of Impairment - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Earnings ManagementAndAsset of Impairment. Answer: The main objective of this report is to focus on the impairment criteria and assumptions used by Bradken Limited for conducting the impairment tests on the assets. The report will also focus on the impairment testing procedures used by the company and the subjectivity involved in the procedure. To comment on these the annual report of the company for the year ended 30th June 2016. Bradken Limited is the leading manufacturer in the world for various capital and consumables products for the global market and delivers wide range of fabricated and cast products through four divisions focussed in the market divisions and independent branded business that includes transport and mining, processing of mineral, fixed plant, services related to cast metal and engineered products (Bradken.com 2018). The company uses their wide experience for developing the innovative products for freight rail, mining, steel making, power generation, transport, gas and oil, cement and various other industries. An impaired asset is the asset of the company having the market value that is less than the carrying value of the asset. Assets that are likely to get impaired are the tangible fixed assets like plant, property, equipment and the intangible assets like accounts receivable and goodwill (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). After adjusting the carrying value of the impaired asset the loss is recorded in the income statement of the company. After writing off impairment, asset will have a reduced carrying cost as the adjustments will be recognized as loss and will reduce the value of the asset. Assets tested for impairment As per the annual report of the company for the year ended 30th June 2016, the company tested the following assets for impairment Goodwill and intangible assets of are not amortised, however, it is tested for impairment annually of frequently that is more than once in a year if changes in the circumstances or any events indicates that it may be impaired and it is carried in financial statement at cost reduced by accumulated losses on account of impairment (Rennekamp, Rupar and Seybert 2014). Other assets like plant, equipment and property, inventories are tested for impairment when there is an indication that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Impairment test procedure Apart from the intangible assets and goodwill, other assets are tested for impairment when the indication is there that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. However for intangible assets and goodwill that are not amortised are tested for impairment annually of frequently that is more than once in a year if changes in the circumstances or any events indicates that it may be impaired. Further, the goodwill is allocated to cash generating unit for carrying out the impairment testing (Cotter 2012). The non-financial assets except the goodwill that suffered the impairment are analysed for the possible reversal of the impairment at the each date of reporting. For impairment assessment the assets are grouped at lowest levels of separately recognisable cash inflows and are widely independent of cash inflows from the other assets or the group of the assets that is the cash generating units. Impairment expenditures The company recorded impairment expenses for the year ended 30th June 2016 as follows Intangible assets and goodwill during the period the company recorded total impairment amounting to $ 64.1 million on intangible assets and goodwill, out of which $ 49 million was recorded against goodwill, $ 12.8 million were recorded against the customers list and $ 2.3 million were recorded against the licenses. Plant, property and equipment - during the period the company recorded total impairment amounting to $ 163.2 million for fixed assets, out of which $ 108 million was recorded against transport and mining, $ 4.4 million were recorded against mineral processing division and $ 50.8 million were recorded against the segments of engineered products. Assumptions and estimates used by the company for conducting impairment test Bradken Limited makes various assumptions and estimates as they are concerned regarding the future. The outcomes of the accounting estimates by definition will be equal to the associated actual outcomes (Andrews 2012). The assumptions and estimates that have considerable risks that it can lead to material adjustments to the assets carrying value within next accounting year are discussed and disclosed through the notes to accounts where these kinds of judgements are required. Owing to the continuous adverse condition of the market and continuous downturn of the market for the assessment of recoverable amount for goodwill and the other intangible assets of the companys cash generating units was conducted (Ramanna and Watts 2012). The recoverable amount of CGU is computed on the basis of the calculation of value-in-use. Further, these calculations use the projections of cash flows on the basis of the financial forecast that is prepared by the management for last 5 years. For calculation of value-in-use the key assumptions are as follows Discount rates Growth rates using the extrapolate flows of cash beyond the period of forecast EBITDA/Sales margin Subjectivity involved in the process of impairment testing As per IAS 36 on Impairment of assets it is perceived that it is the atypical standard in IFRS and it demands the subjective interpretation and its can be adaptable with regard to the managerial requirements and it does not limit the creative accounting. It was found from the annual report of Bradken Limited that there involved considerable subjectivity while the management carrying out the process for impairment test as the management had the opportunity of exploiting their discretion and may carried out the goodwill impairment test opportunistically (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). This can be proved with help of the fact that goodwill allocation to the CGU and computation of recoverable amount when no availability of active prices are there for goodwill is subject to the fact of discretion. Confusing and difficult part of impairment Based on the analysis, it is recognized that the difficult and confusing part of impairment is that the indication of impairment. Through, the indications depend on the internal as well as external signal that the asset may be impaired; the frequency of conducting the test for intangible assets and goodwill is entirely depends on the managements discretion. Therefore, chances are there that the management will carry out the test opportunistically while there is a downturn in the value. New insights regarding conducting the impairment Impairment loss is the difference between the carrying amount of the asset and the recoverable amount of the asset. The recoverable amount considered as higher among the value-in use and the fair value of the asset reduced by disposal cost. Fair value is determined through the sales agreement or the value of the asset in active market under which the asset is traded or the availability of best information to reveal the amount at which the company can sell the asset. Further, the value in use in accordance with IAS 36 is the present value of future cash flows that is expected to be received from the CGU or the asset. Fair value measurement As per IFRS 13 fair value is determined through value of the asset in active market under which the asset is traded sales agreement availability of best information to reveal the amount at which the company can sell the asset Reason why the former accounting standards does not reflect the economic reality Nearly 1 out of 2 companies that use US GAAP or IFRS are affected by the changes in accounting. As per the current status, companies under US GAAP or IFRS have commitments and leased assets amounting to almost 3.3 trillion, out of which 85% are not reported in the balance sheet as they are treated as operating leases (Ifrs.org 2018). For compensating this, the investors generally include the estimates that are inconsistent, inaccurate and incomparable computations. Therefore, it is stated that the former accounting standards does not reflect the true economic reality. Mismatch in lease liability and reported debts As per the previous accounting standards, most of the companies reported 85% of their leases recognised the amount under operating leases and did not presented those under the balance sheet. Though the operating leases were not recorded under balance sheet, actually they created real liabilities (Lee and Hooy 2012). Therefore, during the period of financial crisis few major retail companies went bankrupt as they could not adjust the updated economic reality quickly. Further, they had considerable amount of commitments with regard to the long-term operating leases while their balance sheets were deceptively lean. Therefore, lease liabilities were 66 times more than the debt of balance sheet. Reasons why the Chairperson of IASB is in the view that under the previous accounting standard no level playing field was there among some airline entities The former systems of accounting for lease results into lack of comparability. The airline industries accounts most of their leases as operating leases and do not record it under the balance sheet. Therefore, an airline company that leases almost all their aircraft fleet seems very dissimilar from their competitor who purchase almost all their aircraft fleets even though in reality the financial obligations of both type of airline companies are very similar. Therefore, level playing field does not exist among these airline companies. With the introduction of new standard all the leases will accounted as assets and the lessees will account is as liability (Fit, Moya and Orgaz 2013). Therefore, it is expected that the problem will be resolved. Reasons why the Chairperson is in the view that the new standard will not be popular with everyone The changes in the standard will are expected to have impact on almost half of the listed companies and are not expected to be popular with all the companies. The reason behind this is that the changes are always controversial and can lead to warning effects with regard to adverse economic circumstances and costs associated with the system changes. Further, the companies must be ready to accept the considerable changes in income statement as well as the balance sheet due the changes in the new standard (Marshall 2016). Moreover, the changes may have bigger commercial impacts. For instance, various contractual arrangements and banking covenants tied with the financial statements of the company like profit targets for arranging the bonus payment to the employees or debt to equity ratio may required to get revised prior to implementation of the new standard. Further, all the departments of the business have to understand the impact of changes that includes the finance, IT, treasury, hum an resource, asset procurement and investor relation department. All these reasons will lead to unpopularity of the new accounting standard. Possibilities that the new visibility with regard to all the leases will result into better informed decision for investment As per the former accounting standard as most of the companies were treating the operating leases as off balance sheet items the users of financial statement or investors do not have entire picture of companys financial position and therefore they were not able to compare the companies that leases assets with the companies that buy assets (Jennings and Marques 2012). However, the new standard is expected to update the IFRS 16 and it is expected that it will widely outweigh the costs which in turn will result into better informed decisions for investment and will reflect the lease versus buy decisions in better way by the management. Reference Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment.London: Cass Business School. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013.Accounting for asset impairment: a test for IFRS compliance across Europe. Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research (CeFARR). Andrews, R., 2012. Fair Value, earnings management and asset impairment: The impact of a change in the regulatory environment.Procedia Economics and Finance,2, pp.16-25. Bradken.com., 2018. Bradken. [online] Available at: https://bradken.com/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Cotter, D., 2012.Advanced financial reporting: A complete guide to IFRS. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Fit, M.., Moya, S. and Orgaz, N., 2013. Considering the effects of operating lease capitalization on key financial ratios.Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting/Revista Espaola de Financiacin y Contabilidad,42(159), pp.341-369. Ifrs.org., 2018. IFRS. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2018]. Jennings, R. and Marques, A., 2012. Amortized cost for operating lease assets.Accounting Horizons,27(1), pp.51-74. Lee, C.H. and Hooy, C.W., 2012. Determinants of systematic financial risk exposures of airlines in North America, Europe and Asia.Journal of Air Transport Management,24, pp.31-35. Marshall, D., 2016.Accounting: What the numbers mean. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ramanna, K. and Watts, R.L., 2012. Evidence on the use of unverifiable estimates in required goodwill impairment.Review of Accounting Studies,17(4), pp.749-780. Rennekamp, K., Rupar, K.K. and Seybert, N., 2014. Impaired judgment: The effects of asset impairment reversibility and cognitive dissonance on future investment.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.739-759.

Writing World Studies Extended Essay Topics

Writing World Studies Extended Essay TopicsWhen it comes to the World Studies Extended Essay, you need to be well prepared if you want to write a great essay. You should learn about your topic of study and the different types of questions that will be asked, and you should also be familiar with the methods of writing a World Studies Extended Essay.One of the best ways to prepare for your World Studies Extended Essay topics is to be familiar with the subject matter. You can get a degree in history by taking college level courses in American History. It is also possible to get a degree in an even more specific field of study. If you are a historian, then a degree in World Studies Extended Essay topics would allow you to write an essay on the different cultures and civilizations of the world.You should also know about the different types of questions that will be asked of you in your World Studies Extended Essay topics. For example, if you were studying the subjects of World War II or W orld War I, you would be asked questions about the conflicts or political and social aspects of each period. These questions can vary depending on the types of research materials you use and the form of writing you choose to do.Some of the World Studies Extended Essay topics that you will be asked to write are about the deaths of important figures, how that affected the culture of each period, and also about certain events or periods of history that you will be asked to compare to other periods in the past. One of the ways you can compare two periods of history is to use an example from one. A good example would be how Napoleon conquered Russia and how that affected the culture of that country.You can also write about the impact of a new system of government on a nation. Each time a country adopts a new government system, they change their culture, so that will be something that you will have to consider. The reason you need to consider this is because it is an easy way to create a good comparison, and it will help you when writing your World Studies Extended Essay.When you are writing World Studies Extended Essay topics, it is also important to note the fact that you are writing as an independent scholar. In most universities, the only professors who write essays are those in the humanities, or those who are part of the College of Liberal Arts. In order to make your essay interesting, you will have to use your writing skills in the best way possible.You need to use your writing skills to create a balance in your paper and not just to cram a bunch of facts in there, and that means making sure that you are able to keep your writing to a very small amount of words. You may also want to avoid trying to do too much, because that can leave a feeling of frustration and can really hinder your ability to write well.Remember that World Studies Extended Essay topics are very challenging. If you are to be successful, you need to be well prepared before you begin your pap er. Be sure to read all of the tips, and then have a plan in place, to ensure that you are able to get through it!